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    Solar Photovoltaic (PV) — How Solar Panels Work

    Solar PV converts sunlight into electricity for your home. Learn how photovoltaic technology works, what it costs, and why it's the UK's fastest-growing renewable energy source.

    How Solar PV Works

    1

    Photovoltaic Cells Absorb Light

    Solar cells made of silicon absorb photons from sunlight, exciting electrons to create an electrical current.

    2

    DC to AC Conversion

    An inverter converts the direct current (DC) produced by panels into alternating current (AC) used in your home.

    3

    Power Your Home

    Solar electricity powers your appliances first, reducing the amount you buy from the grid.

    4

    Export or Store Surplus

    Excess electricity is exported to the grid (earning SEG payments) or stored in a battery for later use.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is solar photovoltaic (PV)?

    Solar photovoltaic (PV) is a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor cells. PV panels are installed on rooftops and generate clean, renewable electricity for homes and businesses.

    How efficient are solar PV panels?

    Modern residential solar PV panels are 20–22% efficient, meaning they convert 20–22% of sunlight into electricity. Premium panels can reach 24%. This is sufficient to power most UK homes with 10–14 panels.

    How long do solar PV panels last?

    Solar PV panels typically last 25–30 years with minimal degradation (around 0.5% per year). Most manufacturers offer 25-year performance warranties guaranteeing at least 80% of original output.

    Related Guides & Resources

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